IU Discussion Papers and Reports
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Item Protagonist:innen in Point&Click Adventures: Eine Analyse der Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede männlicher und weiblicher Spielercharaktere in PCAs(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-08-14) Burbach, Jörg; Trautzsch, Nadine; Rohde-Grimm, ManuelaDieser Beitrag untersucht die Darstellung von Protagonist:innen in klassischen Point & Click-Adventures der 1990er-Jahre – mit besonderem Fokus auf die Figuren Zanthia (The Legend of Kyrandia: Hand of Fate, 1993) und Guybrush Threepwood (The Secret of Monkey Island, 1990) als kontrastierende Fallbeispiele. Ausgangspunkt ist die Hypothese, dass die spezifische Ästhetik und Interaktionsstruktur des Genres – begrenzte grafische Mittel, sprachbasierte Mechaniken – eine Darstellung von Geschlecht begünstigte, die sich von den stereotypen Repräsentationen anderer Spielgenres jener Zeit abhebt. Mittels narrativer, visueller und linguistischer Analyse wird gezeigt, dass Charaktere in Point & Click-Adventures eher komplexere Rollen einnehmen oder Stereotype als Protagonistinnen Gameplay-geprägter Spiele. Das Paper diskutiert diese Darstellungen im Kontext feministischer Medientheorie, der Game Studies sowie aktueller Repräsentationsforschung und bezieht Spieler:innenwahrnehmungen sowie historische Designkontexte mit ein. Abschließend wird das Potenzial weiblicher Protagonistinnen für das Genre – insbesondere im Hinblick auf narrative Diversität und Spieler:innenidentifikation – diskutiert. Ein Ausblick auf aktuelle Indie-Entwicklungen unterstreicht die Relevanz des Themas für die Zukunft erzählorientierter Spiele.Item Empirisch, explorative Untersuchung zu Bedarfen in der digitalen, regionalen Versorgungssteuerung im deutschen Gesundheitswesen(IU International University of Applied Sciences, 2025-08-14) Wellenreuther, Claudia; Appel, JanRegional healthcare in Germany is facing considerable challenges in the face of demographic change, a shortage of skilled workers and economic restrictions. The aim of this study is to systematically identify key problems and the potential of digital and cross-sector solutions. A mixed methods approach was chosen for this purpose: In a first phase, exploratory interviews were conducted with 15 experts from different areas of the healthcare sector. Building on the qualitative results, a quantitative online survey (n = 165) was conducted in order to provide a broader empirical basis for the identified topics. The results highlight the high demand for regionally oriented, cross-sector care models in which digitalization and organizational innovation can act as key enablers. At the same time, there are significant technical, regulatory and structural barriers that hinder progress. The analysis provides an empirical based foundation for the development of sustainable regional healthcare strategies and the targeted promotion of digitally supported healthcare solutions. The analysis provides an empirical based foundation for the development of sustainable regional healthcare strategies and the targeted promotion of digitally supported healthcare solutions.Item Ethische Verantwortung und digitale Sichtbarkeit von Sparkassen-Vorständen auf LinkedIn: Untersuchung der Interaktion und Ableitung eines Verhaltenskodex(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-08-05) Schubart, Constantin; Glaubert, NeleCorporate communication is becoming more important, especially in the digital space. Social media platforms are key channels for professional interaction, and the way executives present themselves online strongly influences public perception. This study examines the LinkedIn communication of Sparkassen board members, who, as leaders, have a special responsibility for clear and professional communication. To analyze their communication, the study uses the models of Paul Watzlawick and Friedemann Schulz von Thun. These models help assess how well board members present their roles, responsibilities, and corporate values on LinkedIn. Based on these theories, specific criteria are developed to evaluate their communication. The results show both strengths and areas for improvement. While some board members use LinkedIn effectively to communicate their professional role and engage with others, some aspects of their communication could be improved. Based on these findings, the study develops a code of conduct. This guideline, built on the research results, aims to improve the professional and responsible digital communication of Sparkassen board members. It provides recommendations for a consistent, trustworthy, and transparent online presence.Item Chancengleichheit in der öffentlichen Verwaltung: Herausforderungen anonymisierter Bewerbungsverfahren aus der Perspektive des Change Managements(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-08-05) Krill, Rosa; Fischer, HelgeThis paper deals with the challenges of implementing anonymized application procedures in public ad ministration, particularly with regard to promoting diversity and equal opportunities in personnel selec tion. Based on interviews with experts, key barriers and challenges are identified that occur at both an individual and procedural level. The main challenges include the lack of necessary resources, the consid eration of legal requirements and the digitalization backlog, which can stand in the way of successful im plementation. In addition, individual resistance from employees can also have a lasting impact on the implementation process. These barriers are examined in detail in the context of established change man agement models according to Kotter and Lewin as well as the “psychology of change”. The work develops a sustainable concept for the successful introduction of anonymized application procedures, which in cludes the phases of initiation, planning and preparation, implementation and continuous evaluation. The concept aims to increase the acceptance, efficiency and effectiveness of anonymized procedures through targeted measures and thus actively contribute to the promotion of diversity and equal opportunities in public administration.Item Echoes of the 1930s: A Scientific Comparative Analysis of Pre-WWII Dynamics and Contemporary Geopolitics(IU International University of Applied Sciences, 2025-08-04) Brandtjen, RolandThis paper compares the inter-war 1930s with the post-2014 international system to identify structural continuities that threaten contemporary stability. A tri-layer literature review integrates archival records, modern governmental datasets and global opinion surveys, normalising disparate time-series for direct cross-epoch comparison. Four recurring fault lines emerge: expansionist revisionism, democratic backsliding, intergenerational economic strain and multilateral erosion. Case comparisons—Germany-Austria 1938 vs. Russia-Crimea 2014; League of Nations budget collapse vs. today’s UN funding crisis—demonstrate how weak enforcement and fiscal shortfalls embolden aggressors and extremist movements. Quantitative indicators show youth incomes 13% below parental cohorts across the OECD and UN humanitarian appeals funded at only 13%, echoing Great-Depression-era precarity and institutional paralysis. Yet divergences—nuclear deterrence, digital mobilisation and global value-chain interdependence—moderate direct analogies, constraining full-scale war while amplifying ideological contagion. Early-warning thresholds for expansionism, democratic erosion, economic discontent and multilateral under-funding are proposed to guide automatic policy responses. Recognising both historical rhymes and contemporary differences is essential to forestall a reprise of the 1930s’ systemic collapse.Item An Analysis of The Optimal Advertising Format for Artificial Intelligence (AI) Tools(IU International University of Applied Sciences, 2025-08-01) Cornelsen, Jens; Mählck, AnnaThis discussion paper examines the success factors of different advertising formats on AI platforms and based on this, develops a practice-oriented guide for the successful implementation of operational advertising measures for AI tools. The relevance of the topic results from the growing importance of AI in everyday digital life as well as the challenges for existing advertising measures to "prevail" in an increasingly advertising-resistant environment. This article is based on an IU master's thesis in which comprehensive literature research was combined with expert interviews and focus groups. Methodologically, potential success factors of different forms of advertising are identified and then evaluated regarding their "target group performance" using a self-developed “AI Advertising Relevance Score” (AARS) based on an utility model. The work further develops existing research on the integration of advertising formats in AI tools while also providing valuable implementation recommendations for operational practice. The still largely limited use of advertising in AI tools shows that further empirical studies are required to validate the direct applicability of the research results presented here in different scenarios. Overall, however, the work makes a valuable contribution to the fundamental understanding of the possibilities and limits of different advertising formats in AI tools and provides practical implications for the sustainable economic stabilization or "monetization" of conversational AI systems such as ChatGPT, Google Gemini or CoPilot.Item Künstliche Intelligenz und Jobs: Eine Untersuchung aus der Perspektive der Theorien zur beschränkten Rationalität(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-07-28) Würtemberger, Sonja; Villalobos Baum, TatianaSince the introduction of ChatGPT in November 2022, the societal debate on the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the labor market has intensified. Advances in data processing technology have long been seen as drivers of productivity, significantly influencing businesses worldwide. This study examines why AI is regarded as a major disruptive force in the workplace and how its impact can be measured. The theory of "Bounded Rationality" (BR) serves as the theoretical framework to analyze how AI transforms decision-making and problem-solving processes in organizations, particularly in areas where human judgment has traditionally played a crucial role. After an introduction to the fundamental workings of AI, the study explores the BR theory and its various developments that shape the extent of AI's influence including coded bias. The goal is to provide a deeper understanding of how AI affects human rationality in decision-making and what implications this has for future workplace structures.Item Impact of Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) practices in Bulgarian SMEs access to finance(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-07-21) Manolov, Mladen; Berrones-Flemmig, Claudia NellyGiven the European Union’s commitments of achieving net zero by 2050 and advocating Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance (ESG) targets, ESG is having an increasingly larger impact on businesses (Alamillos & De Mariz, 2022). Various studies have concluded that if a company has a high ESG score, it typically borrows at a cheaper rate, receives more favorable credit terms and conditions, has higher valuation, achieves better financial performance, as well as other benefits relating to its access to finance (Jang et al., 2020; Srivastava et al., 2022; Albuquerque et al., 2019; Friede et al. 2015). The same studies focus, however, predominantly on large companies in developed economies. On the other hand, the issue of the financing gap in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) is experienced globally and especially in developing economies (World Bank, 2019; PwC, 2021). Given the positive impact of ESG on companies access to finance as found in existing literature and the presence of the SME finance gap in developing economies, this research investigates the impact of ESG practices on Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises access to finance in the context of Bulgaria. An overview of current and planned ESG-related European Union regulations impacting SMEs is provided. With a focus on Bulgarian SMEs, a total of 27 experts in the fields of banking, venture capital, angel investing, SME ownership or management, and ESG consulting were interviewed. This study adds to the limited body of research pertaining to the impact of ESG on SMEs financing in a developing economy setting. The research concluded that Bulgarian SMEs engaged in ESG have better debt and equity financing terms, more opportunities and dedicated channels for receiving financing, as well as benefits adding to their competitiveness, such as better access to international supply chains, reduced firm risk, tax exemptions, ability to attract and retain top talent, and higher potential for top line growth, among others.Item Altersbewusste Führung in der öffentlichen Verwaltung: Eine qualitative Analyse von Wahrnehmungen, Bedürfnissen und Gestaltungsansätzen(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-07-08) Gnewikow, Myriam; Berghammer, AnjaDemographic developments mean that a growing proportion of employees in public administration be-long to the group of older employees. This qualitative study examines how managers can design their strategies to meet their specific needs - with the aim of promoting motivation, employability and retention until retirement. The term ‘older employees’ is used descriptively and not judgmentally, it refers to em-ployees with many years of professional experience, often in a phase of growing reflection on their remaining working life, the transfer of knowledge and new professional roles. The study is based on seven guided interviews, five of which were conducted with administrative employ-ees over the age of 50 and two with managers. The qualitative content analysis reveals five central topics, including appreciation, performance expectations and reflection on one's own role. One thing is clear: Older employees particularly appreciate it when decisions are transparently justified, their experience is included and development discussions are individualised. At the same time, there are barriers, such as a lack of feedback loops, implicit images of age or a lack of time in day-to-day management. The study derives practical recommendations from this, e.g. that leadership should enable regular, con-text-related communication, actively organise feedback and recognition and address development op-portunities individually, regardless of age, but in an age- conscious manner. In addition, opportunities are needed to reflect on one's own leadership behaviour as well as structural freedom for dialogue-oriented personnel management. Many of the findings can also be transferred to private sector organisations, alt-hough contextual differences must be taken into account.Item Selbstwirksamkeit und Resilienz als Schutzfaktoren – Präventive Perspektiven auf mentale Gesundheit im Erwachsenenalter(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-07-01) Dulgeridis, Marcel; Könen, BeatriceConsidering increasing mental health challenges and psychosocial stressors in adulthood, strengthening psychological resources such as self-efficacy and resilience is of growing importance. This discussion paper synthesizes findings from a systematic review that explored how self-efficacy contributes to the development of resilience and the prevention of mental illness. Theoretical foundations such as Bandura's social cognitive theory and Masten's resilience models are integrated to illustrate key mechanisms. The evidence indicates that higher levels of self-efficacy foster resilience and improve stress coping, psychological well-being, and resistance to mental health disorders. Recommendations are derived for preventive interventions in occupational, educational, and public health settings. The paper concludes with an outlook on future research needs and the role of digital solutions in strengthening resilience. Angesichts der zunehmenden Herausforderungen für die psychische Gesundheit und der psychosozialen Stressfaktoren im Erwachsenenalter gewinnt die Stärkung psychologischer Ressourcen wie Selbstwirksamkeit und Resilienz zunehmend an Bedeutung. Dieses Diskussionspapier fasst die Ergebnisse einer systematischen Übersichtsarbeit zusammen, die untersucht hat, wie Selbstwirksamkeit zur Entwicklung von Resilienz und zur Prävention psychischer Erkrankungen beiträgt. Theoretische Grundlagen wie die sozial-kognitive Theorie von Bandura und das Resilienzmodell von Masten werden integriert, um die wichtigsten Mechanismen zu veranschaulichen. Die Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass ein höheres Maß an Selbstwirksamkeit die Resilienz fördert und die Stressbewältigung, das psychische Wohlbe- finden und die Widerstandsfähigkeit gegenüber psychischen Erkrankungen verbessert. Es werden Empfehlungen für präventive Interventionen in den Bereichen Arbeit, Bildung und öffentliche Gesundheit abgeleitet. Der Beitrag schließt mit einem Ausblick auf den künftigen Forschungsbedarf und die Rolle digitaler Lösungen bei der Stärkung der Resilienz.Item Harnessing AI for accounting integrity: Innovations in fraud detection and prevention(IU International University of Applied Sciences, 2025-07-07) Dulgeridis, Marcel; Schubart, Constantin; Dulgeridis, SabrinaAccounting fraud poses significant financial and reputational risks for organizations. Traditional detection methods — such as manual audits and red-flag indicators — struggle to keep pace with the growing volume and complexity of financial data. In contrast, artificial intelligence technologies, including machine learning, anomaly detection, and natural language processing, offer scalable, real- time solutions to identify suspicious activity more efficiently. This paper compares conventional fraud detection techniques with AI-driven approaches, highlighting their respective strengths and limitations in terms of accuracy, efficiency, scalability, and adaptability. While AI enables faster and more comprehensive analysis, it also raises challenges related to data quality, algorithmic bias, and transparency. Ethical and legal considerations, including data privacy and compliance with regulations, are crucial for responsible implementation. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations for adopting AI-based fraud detection systems — emphasizing AI readiness, robust data governance, and human oversight. With a thoughtful approach, AI has the potential to significantly enhance the detection and prevention of accounting fraud.Item Coaching und Positive Psychologie – Ressourcen stärken, Sinn ermöglichen(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-07-01) Dulgeridis, Marcel; Schubart, Constantin; Könen, BeatriceIn einer Welt stetiger Veränderung rücken psychische Gesundheit, Selbstwirksamkeit und resiliente Lebensführung in den Fokus moderner Beratung. Dieses Discussion Paper beleuchtet, wie systemisches Coaching und Konzepte der Positiven Psychologie miteinander verknüpft werden können, um individuelle Entwicklungsprozesse effektiv zu unterstützen. Beide Ansätze vereint ein ressourcenorientiertes Menschenbild, das auf Stärken, Sinn und Selbststeuerung setzt. Theoretische Fundierung, praktische Wirkfaktoren und potenzielle Anwendungsfelder werden interdisziplinär dargestellt. Abschließend werden Empfehlungen für Coachingpraxis, Aus- und Weiterbildung sowie gesellschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen formuliert. In a world of constant change, psychological health, self-efficacy and resilient self-leadership are gaining increasing relevance. This discussion paper explores how systemic coaching and concepts of Positive Psychology can be combined to effectively support individual development. Both approaches share a resource-oriented humanistic view focused on strengths, meaning and self-regulation. Theoretical foundations, key practical factors and potential fields of application are presented in an interdisciplinary manner. The paper concludes with recommendations for coaching practice, education and societal conditions.Item Förderung von Empathie in der Gamedesignpraxis: Entwurf einer Schnittstelle von Gamedesignexpertise und Fachexpertise für (Serious) Games mit dem Ziel einer höheren Vergleichbarkeit(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2023-07-01) Zimprich, ThorstenIn dieser Veröffentlichung werden unterschiedliche Definitionsansätze der Empathie vorgestellt und in eine für das Gamedesign operationalisierbare Definition überführt. Fokusfelder werden als praxisorientiertes Konzept vorgestellt, um zum einen eine Schnittstelle von Fachexpertise und Gamedesignexpertise anzubieten und zum anderen eine höhere Vergleichbarkeit von Empathie fördernden Spielen zu ermöglichen, indem die Gamedesignziele verengt werden. Nur über diese verbesserte Vergleichbarkeit kann die Effektivität der eingesetzten Spielelemente und Spielmechaniken im Kontext der jeweiligen Gamedesignziele sinnvoll wissenschaftlich erforscht werden. In this publication, different definition approaches of empathy are presented and transferred into a definition which can be operationalized by game design experts. Focus fields are presented as a practice-ori-ented tool in order to offer an interface for teams which join forces of subject matter experts and game design experts. As a second improvement focus fields increase comparability of games which promote empathy narrowing the differences in game design goals. This is of such importance for scientific research because only through a focused game design goal set used to design the applied game elements and game mechanics their effectiveness can be compared to other games designed with the same game design goal set in mind.Item Canada – the new member state of the EU? – Rules and History of EU Memberships(IU International University of Applied Sciences, 2025-07-02) Brandtjen, RolandThis paper investigates the theoretical feasibility and implications of Canadian accession to the European Union (EU), a scenario that challenges conventional geographic and political boundaries of EU enlargement. Prompted by recent shifts in global geopolitics and Canadian public opinion, the study evaluates whether Canada meets the legal, political, and economic criteria for EU membership as outlined in Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union and the Copenhagen criteria. Drawing on comparative data across democracy, human rights, economic competitiveness, and institutional capacity, the analysis demonstrates that Canada aligns closely with EU standards and, in many cases, surpasses existing member states. The paper also explores the legal ambiguity of defining a "European state," the potential institutional impact of Canadian membership, and the compatibility of Canada's existing international obligations with EU law. While full membership would entail significant legal and political adjustments, including treaty renegotiations and institutional restructuring, the study concludes that Canadian EU accession is theoretically plausible and politically contingent. Alternative integration models, such as EFTA membership or enhanced association agreements, are also considered as viable pathways for deepening EU-Canada relations.Item Digitale Eskalation: Zur Systematik toxischer Kommunikation am Beispiel von GTA V(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-06-26) Burbach, JörgDer Beitrag untersucht systematisch die Dynamiken toxischer Kommunikation im Kontext digitaler Spielwelten am Beispiel von GTA V und seinem Online-Modus. Ausgehend von einer persönlichen Spielerfahrung wird gezeigt, wie Spielmechanik, Designentscheidungen und soziale Interaktionen toxisches Verhalten nicht nur ermöglichen, sondern strukturell fördern. Zentrale psychologische Konzepte wie der Online-Disinhibition-Effekt und der Proteus-Effekt werden herangezogen, um das Verhalten der Spieler:innen zu erklären. Das Paper versteht Toxizität als systemisches Phänomen und plädiert für eine differenzierte Verantwortungsteilung zwischen Entwickler:innen, Plattformen, Bildungseinrichtungen und Nutzer:innen.Item Zwischen Wettkampf und Arbeit am Selbst: Die narrative, ästhetische und spielmechanische Inszenierung von Martial Arts in Digitalen Spielen(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-06-24) Simond, Stefan Heinrich; Inderst, Rudolf ThomasMartial Arts sind seit den 1980ern ein prägendes Spielemotiv – von Arcade-Klassikern wie Mortal Kombat bis zu heutigen Fighting Games, Sportsimulationen und narrativen Actiontiteln. Dieser Beitrag analysiert zwei spielkulturell einschlägige Kontrastbeispiele: Streets of Rage 2 wird hinsichtlich der Verortung von Martial Arts in urbaner Ikonografie aufgeschlüsselt, wohingegen Sifu als reflexive Brechung des traditionellen Rachenarrativs interpretiert wird. Basierend auf der Methodik des Close Playing werden dabei sowohl narrative, ästhetische als auch ludische Elemente der Martial Arts-Konstruktionen berücksichtigt. Das Ziel ist letztlich die Systematisierung unterschiedlicher Inszenierungsformen digitaler Kampfkunst. Martial arts have been a defining motif in digital games since the 1980s—from arcade classics like Mortal Kombat to contemporary fighting games, sports simulations and narrative action titles. This article analyses two culturally significant and contrasting examples: Streets of Rage 2 is examined with regard to the localisation of martial arts within urban iconography, while Sifu is interpreted as a reflexive subversion of the traditional revenge narrative. Drawing on the method of close playing, the analysis considers narrative, aesthetic and ludic elements in the construction of martial arts. The aim is to contribute to a systematic understanding of different modes of martial arts representation in digital games.Item Gesunde Führung: Der Einfluss transformationaler Führung auf das Burnout-Syndrom von Beschäftigten(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-06-04) Graf, Antonia; Perst, Florian; Schubart, ConstantinThis paper examines the influence of transformational leadership on employee burnout syndrome. Burnout is a growing problem at the workplace and has far-reaching consequences for companies as well as significant health impairments for the employees affected. Transformational leadership has been shown in research to be particularly beneficial in the context of burnout prevention due to its motivational, inspirational and supporting effect. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of the transformational leadership style on burnout syndrome among employees in Germany. To answer the research question, a systematic literature search was carried out in the databases EBSCO, WISO, ResearchGate, BAuA and Google Scholar. Eleven studies were analyzed that examined the influence of transformational leadership on burnout syndrome among employees in Germany. The results show that transformational leadership can reduce the burnout syndrome. In particular, the degree of the burnout dimensions emotional exhaustion and depersonalization could be reduced by transformational leadership. These results offer valuable implications for practice so that companies and managers can maintain the long-term health of their employees and reduce the risk of employee burnout.Item IU Home Workspace Kompass 2025(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-04-24) Klingmüller, Felix; Irle, Miriam; Goldstein, Anne-ChristinItem Der Diversity Management Radar für Deutschland: Von Haltung zu Handlung(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2025-04-28) Würtemberger, Sonja; Rehfeld, Katharina-Maria; Holz, Heiko F.This discussion paper presents the “Diversity Management Radar” (DMR), a novel maturity model developed to assess and guide the implementation of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) in German organizations. While many companies in Germany endorse diversity through initiatives, practical approaches to DEI often lack clarity, particularly among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Existing international maturity models are rarely tailored to the legal, cultural, and organizational context of German firms. This research project—funded by IU Internationale Hochschule and conducted in collaboration with Charta der Vielfalt e.V.—adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining a review of existing DEI maturity models with 24 expert interviews from executives and HR/Diversity professionals across SMEs, medium-sized firms, and large corporations. The resulting model comprises three DEI maturity levels (Foundation, Management, Excellence), three company sizes, and nine action categories along the employee lifecycle. The DMR provides a practical self-assessment framework, enabling companies to map their current DEI practices, define strategic goals, and prioritize resource allocation. By integrating insights from organizational practice, the model emphasizes realistic development paths over prescriptive checklists. The model is freely accessible and designed to foster evidence-based, resource-sensitive DEI management in the German context. It contributes to both scholarly discussion and practical implementation, supporting organizations in moving from intention to action in their DEI strategies.Item Retro - Aber nicht von gestern(IU Internationale Hochschule, 2022-09-14) Inderst, Rudolf Thomas; Burbach, JörgThe growing phenomenon of Retro Gaming – understood as the enjoyment of classic game culture (software- and hardwarewise) – can be linked to the so-called Demoscene, a global non-commercial collective of creative minds. In this paper, we discuss the key question whether constraints bring forth creativity focussing upon the socio-cultural and technological framework of Retro Gaming.